Gray Zone

Looking for Direction: Germany in the Indo-Pacific

By |2023-07-27T15:37:58-10:00July 27th, 2023|

By Sandra Meerwein[1] Abstract When Germany implemented its Indo-Pacific Guidelines in 2020, it signaled the nation’s first step into a foreign policy direction that would encompass amplified considerations of the impact dynamics in the Indo-Pacific region have on Germany’s and Europe’s interests. With the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, growing tensions in the South and East China Sea, and the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on human security matters, talk of protecting the existing rules-based international order (RBIO) increased. Yet, Germany is still defining how and to what extent it intends to increase its regional involvement. Budget restrictions and [...]

China’s Gray Zone Operations in the Yellow Sea

By |2021-09-30T16:43:37-10:00September 30th, 2021|

By Chungjin Jung * Introduction The People’s Republic of China (PRC) elected a new leader, Xi Jinping, at the 18th Chinese Community Party Congress in 2012 and adopted a new national development strategy goal of ‘building a maritime power.’[1]   PRC then declared an Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) over the East China Sea (ECS) in 2013 and created artificial islands from reefs in the South China Sea (SCS) in 2014 to expand maritime rights to those seas. Similar activities have developed in multiple forms over the past decade. Military experts name these PRC’s gray-zone operations/activities and have studied their characteristics. [...]

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