By Dr. James M. Minnich
March 11, 2025

Malaysia’s strategic maritime position, situated between the Indian and Pacific Oceans via the vital Malacca Strait and amid the contested waters of the South China Sea, demands a robust and dynamic maritime security strategy. In an exclusive interview, maritime security expert Ms. Nor Aini binti Mohd Nordin, Assistant Director of Maritime Security at the Malaysia Institute of Defence and Security (MiDAS), highlighted Malaysia’s sophisticated maritime approach, noting it employs a “combination of diplomatic, legal, and military measures,” with “diplomacy as our main way of dealing with situations and avoiding escalation with larger powers.”

Navigating the South China Sea: Asserting Sovereignty through Diplomacy

Malaysia regularly encounters incursions into its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), particularly by larger powers exerting subtle yet persistent pressures. According to Ms. Nordin, Malaysia consistently prioritizes diplomacy, emphasizing “multilateral engagement” but also employs “backdoor or quiet diplomacy—essentially bilateral engagement—when necessary.” This strategy, she noted, has “proven quite effective for Malaysia.” Furthermore, Malaysia has proactively “submitted our continental shelf claim to the UN Commission” and “reaffirmed our territorial claims and commitment to international law” notably rejecting China’s recent territorial map.

Countering Gray-Zone Tactics: Strategic Patience and Regional Unity

Gray-zone tactics, including maritime militias and artificial island construction designed to alter territorial realities, present ongoing challenges. Ms. Nordin outlined Malaysia’s strategic posture articulated in its Defence White Paper, which “focuses on non-military deterrence, strategic partnership, and enhanced maritime surveillance,” emphasizing the importance of “interagency cooperation between the Royal Malaysia Navy (RMN), the Malaysia Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA), and other security agencies.” Illustrating this point, she cited Malaysia’s measured response during the 2020 Haiyang Dizhi 8 incident: “We launched a formal diplomatic protest, but at the same time, we deployed our naval and Coast Guard assets to monitor the situation,” effectively managing the scenario “without triggering military escalation.”

Securing the Malacca Strait: A Collaborative Approach to Maritime Safety

Recognizing the strategic importance of the Malacca Strait, Ms. Nordin emphasized the effectiveness of the Malacca Strait Patrol (MSP) a collaborative effort with Indonesia, Singapore, and now Thailand. She noted its significant impact: “There were zero piracy incidents from 2020 to 2022 and only five cases in 2023,” attributing this success to coordinated patrols, intelligence sharing, and aerial surveillance. She stressed the comprehensive nature of maritime security, underscoring the importance of “having both sea and air surveillance because maritime security is not just about the sea—it’s also about the airspace.”

Enhancing Regional Maritime Cooperation: Building Collective Security

In discussing regional cooperation, Ms. Nordin underscored longstanding defense relationships, highlighting the significance of the “Five Power Defense Arrangement (FPDA), involving the UK, Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, and Malaysia,” as a key pillar of regional stability. Additionally, she emphasized ASEAN’s critical role, pointing out Malaysia’s active participation in regional frameworks such as the ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting (ADMM-Plus) and the ASEAN Regional Forum, aimed at building robust collective maritime security.

Technology and Maritime Domain Awareness

Technological advancements play a pivotal role in Malaysia’s maritime security efforts. Ms. Nordin described current initiatives, noting Malaysia’s investments in “UAVs for persistent maritime surveillance,” and sophisticated “integrated sensor systems, including satellite-based monitoring,” which enables swift responses to unauthorized activities. She further mentioned ongoing discussions around adopting “AI-driven cybersecurity systems to counter emerging threats,” showcasing Malaysia’s forward-looking approach to maritime technology.

Addressing Non-Traditional Maritime Threats: A Multifaceted Approach

Addressing non-traditional threats, Ms. Nordin highlighted successful regional initiatives such as the “Trilateral Cooperative Arrangement (TCA) with Indonesia and the Philippines,” effectively mitigating human trafficking and kidnappings in the Sulu and Celebes Seas. She cited measurable success: “Following the TCA’s initiation in 2017, incidents showed significant decline,” adding that “the last abduction occurred in January 2020.” To counter illegal fishing (IUU), she noted Malaysia’s establishment of the “Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency (MMEA) in 2004 specifically to tackle such issues,” underscoring ongoing regional collaboration through frameworks like ASEAN.

Future-Proofing Malaysia’s Maritime Security: Adapting to Evolving Challenges

Looking forward, Ms. Nordin emphasized strategic imperatives for Malaysia, including “modernizing naval capabilities” and increasing investment in advanced naval vessels such as the “Maharaja Lela-class frigates.” Additionally, she highlighted Malaysia’s proactive stance on adapting strategies to future challenges, underscoring the importance of “future-proofing maritime security against geopolitical shifts, technological disruptions, and climate challenges.” Ultimately, Ms. Nordin summarized Malaysia’s guiding principle clearly: “We can’t get anything done without cooperating.”

Further Reading

To delve deeper into these complex issues, Ms. Nordin recommends the 2021 book, Battling the Waves in the South China Sea: The Untold Stories of Malaysian Pioneers in the Spratly, authored by Captain Mat Taib Yasin RMN (Ret), Captain Azhar Abdul Rahman RMN (Ret), and Captain Johari Ramzan Ahmad RMN (Ret).